Praise Him, Praise Him - A thought about functional harmony

Filed in Free Lessons on January 12, 2009



I was playing "Praise Him, Praise Him" in church yesterday and noticed a great example of functional harmony at work.  I mention these kinds of things because they will help you understand music better and as a result, play better.

These are the first two measures of the last line of the chorus.  This is a four part harmony and the congregation is singing "Praise Him" once in each measure.



I wrote in the chords for you.  Because we are in the key of Ab, Ab is the I chord and Db is the IV chord.  Both are normally going to be major chords.

The I chord is normally a place of resolution in a song.  You will often see the chord without the 7th or in some cases, with a major 7th (in this case, G) added.  Both the I and IMaj7 function as a place for other other chords to resolve to.  It is really irrevelant from a functional standpoint whether the major 7th is added or not.

Notice that the Ab chord changes to Ab7 in the second half of the first measure.  A minor 7th (Gb) has been added rather than the major 7th.  As a result, Ab is now a dominant chord.  This is a very significant change because now the function of the Ab chord has changed.  Rather than being a place of resolution, it has become a chord that needs to resolve somewhere else.

As it turns out, changing Ab to Ab7 creates what we call a secondary dominant.  You can often recognize a secondary dominant when you see a dominant chord that is not the V chord.  And when you see a secondary dominant, you can almost certainly assume that it is going to resolve down a fifth.  In this song, it resolves down a fifth to Db which is the IV chord.

A few more thoughts: Changing the Ab to Ab7 was not necessary.  The arranger could have just written Ab for the entire first measure and it would have worked.  You see I - IV progressions in songs all of the time.  However, the move from Ab to Ab7 to Db is smoother because it the Ab7 creates a strong need to resolve to the IV chord.   It basically becomes a matchmaker or a glue between the I and the IV.

Here are a few caveats at this point because some theory experts are going to pick me apart.  It is not necessary for dominant chords to resolve down a fifth.  They also nicely resolve down a half step, and there is nothing to stop writers from moving from dominants to any other chord they want to.  However, in the music you are going to play on a normal basis, you will almost always see dominants resolve down a fifth.

One other thing: Every dominant you see in your music that is not a V chord is not necessarily a secondary dominant.  But we can discuss that at a later time.



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Lenny
1/12/2009 4:08:50 PM

Why do you say that a I triad and a I with the major 7th are functionally the same? It seems to me that if one has a 7th, it sounds a lot different.

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Greg Howlett
1/12/2009 6:14:19 PM

There is definitely a big difference in how they sound. However, the function is the same. Neither a I or a IMaj7 have to resolve anywhere. They are destination chords.

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